Assessment of Farmers' Livelihood in Conflict and Non-Conflict Areas of Osun and Taraba States, Nigeria
Keywords:
Farmers, living conditions, conflicts, landowners, land use, Labour, Nigeria, Taraba, OsunSynopsis
Between 1999 and 2001, Osun and Taraba States recorded several rural based violent conflicts between "land owners and settlers" which led to displacement, killing and destruction of farmers' properties. ln most of the violent conflicts in Nigeria mediators' attention are most often focused on peace building and relief mechanisms with Iittle or no effort to address post-contlict impact on farmers' livelihood. This study examines major causes of contlict and ascertains similarity in conflict severity on Farmers' Live! ihood Variables (FL V) between Osun and Taraba States. Osun a11d Taraba States were stratified into Core Conflict Area (CCA), Peripheral Conflict Area (PCA) and Outside Conflict Area (OCA) based on their proximity to contlict locaticns. State's change in farmers' Iivelihood is a function ·of FLY (crops, small-ruminants, material possessions, and off-farm activitie-s) fluctuation across the contlict areas. ln Osun state conflict strata was made of 1970 farmers while Taraba states conllict strata consist of 1880 farmers from where 10.0% of fanners was randomly sampled to give a.total of385 farmers. Data were generated during conflict de-escalation period through the use of validated interview schedule and were analysed using chisquare,
Z-test and ANOV A. The prominent causes of contlict in Osun State were Land Use Autonomy (LU:\) a11d ag,tatio11 for more Io_cal governments as rated by 70.5% and 65.6% respectively, w:1ile LUA and population gro\\1h were rated as prominent causes of conflict by 72.1 % and 55. 7% respectively in Taraba State. ln Osun and Taraba states' CCA, 75.5% and 23.8% of the farmers were displaccd ln Osun Statc after the conflict, farmcrs in CCA had lowest Crops Standard Mean Weight (CSMW) of l,276.6kg and Small Ruminant Number (SRN) of 14.5 and lower Material Possession Mean Scores (MPMS) of 28;110.8. Fanners in PCA have higher, CSMW of3,547.;0kg; SRN of·I04.8 and MPMS of 39,145.1. Fanners in OCA recorded CSMW of 3,208.2kg, SRN of 62.2 • 1 • and highest MPMS of 49,367.1. In Taraba State, extra incarne from Off,Fann Activities • • 1 • (OFFA) was reduced among 64.0% offanners in CCA compared to 21.0% and 7.0% in PCA and OCA respectively. Lower SRN and MPMS o( 180.2 and 23014.6 respectively were recorded in CCA, higher SRN of 1,786.0 and MPMS of 50,145.0 in PCA and highest SRN of 2007.0 and MPMS of 56,468.5 in OCA. Significant relationship exists between fanners' level of exposure and involvement in the conflict in Osun (p <0.05) and Taraba (p <0.05) States. Farmers' SRN and MPMS were significantly higher (p<0.05) -in OCAs compared to their CCA's counterpart in Osun and Taraba States. Osun State's OCA farmers' CSMW was significantly higher (p<0.05) than CCA farmers' CSMW. Significant differences exist in Cocoa farmers' production level in the cimflict zones in Osun (p<0.05) and yam production level in Taraba (p<0.05) States' . Severity of conflict in the flash points of Osun and Taraba States led to decline in fatmers' SR1'1, MPMS and number of farmers that generated incarne from ÔFFA while disparity is reflecteè in causes of conflict and displaced fariners.
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